世卫组织发布首份威胁健康的真菌清单

2022年10月25日 | 部门新闻

世卫组织今天发布了一份报告,着重介绍有史以来第一份“重点真菌病原体”清单,其中列有对公众健康构成最大威胁的19种真菌。世卫组织的重点真菌病原体清单是全球第一次努力结合未满足的研发需求和预计的公共卫生重要性,对真菌病原体进行有系统的排序。世卫组织这份清单旨在关注并推动进一步研究和政策干预措施,以加强全球在真菌感染和抗真菌药物耐药性方面的应对工作。

真菌病原体是对公众健康的重要威胁,这些病原体正变得越来越普遍,并且对目前仅有的四类抗真菌药物治疗日益产生耐药性,而研发中的临床候选药物却很少。对于大多数真菌病原体目前缺乏快速和灵敏的诊断方法,而现有方法在全球无法广泛获得或以可负担的价格提供。

侵袭性真菌感染通常会影响重病患者和具有严重免疫系统相关基础病症的患者。侵袭性真菌感染风险最高的人群包括癌症患者、艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者、接受器官移植者、慢性呼吸道疾病患者和原发后结核病感染者。

新出现的证据表明,由于全球变暖以及国际旅行和贸易的增加,世界各地真菌病的发病率和地理范围都在扩大。在COVID-19大流行期间,住院患者中报告的侵袭性真菌感染发病率显著增加。随着引起常见感染的真菌(如口腔念珠菌和阴道鹅口疮)对治疗的耐药性越来越强,普通人群发生更具侵袭性的感染的风险也日益增加。

世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性部门助理总干事Hanan Balkhy博士说:“真菌感染正在从隐蔽的细菌抗微生物药物耐药性大流行中变得越来越清晰,且在不断增长,对治疗的耐药性日益增强,成为全球关切的公共卫生问题。”

尽管日益令人担忧,但真菌感染很少获得重视和资源,致使缺乏关于真菌病分布和抗真菌药物耐药模式的高质量数据。因此尚不清楚真菌病和抗真菌药物耐药性的确切负担,应对行动也由此受到影响。

三个重点类别

世卫组织重点真菌病原体清单分为极度重要、高度重要和中等重要三类。每个重点类别中的真菌病原体主要根据其公共卫生影响和/或出现抗真菌药物耐药性的风险得到排序。世卫组织将这些重要病原体确认为全球关切的公共卫生问题,强调必须结合具体情况认真解读这一清单,因为某些地方性病原体在各自的区域或地方背景下可能更令人担忧。

紧急优先组(Critical group)

新隐球菌、耳念珠菌、烟曲霉、白色念珠菌

高度优先组(High group)

光滑念珠菌、组织浆菌属、足分支菌、毛霉菌、镰刀菌、热带念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌

中等优先组(Medium group)

赛多孢子菌、多育节荚孢霉、球孢子菌、克柔假丝酵母、格特隐球菌、马尔尼菲蓝状菌、耶氏肺孢子虫、副球孢子菌

需要提供更多证据和确定优先行动领域

该报告的作者强调,需要有更多的证据来为应对这一日益严重的威胁提供信息,并更好地了解疾病和抗真菌药物耐药性的负担。报告还强调迫切需要采取协调行动,在“同一健康”框架下应对抗真菌药物使用对耐药性的影响,并呼吁扩大公平获得优质诊断和治疗的机会。

世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性全球协调司司长Haileyesus Getahun博士说:“我们需要更多关于真菌感染和抗真菌药物耐药性的数据和证据,以便提供信息并改善对这些重点真菌病原体的应对措施。”

关于重点真菌病原体清单的报告强调了面向决策者、公共卫生专业人员和其他利益攸关方的策略。报告中所提策略的共同目标是产生证据并改善对这些重点真菌病原体的应对措施,包括预防抗真菌药物耐药性的发展。建议的主要行动侧重于:(1)加强实验室能力和监测;(2)维持对研究、开发和创新的投资;(3)加强公共卫生预防和控制干预措施。

Haileyesus Getahun博士补充说:“我们鼓励各国采取循序渐进的方法,首先要加强其真菌病方面的实验室和监测能力,并确保在全球范围公平提供现有的优质治疗和诊断方法。”

导致抗真菌药物耐药性的部分原因是在“同一健康”框架下对抗真菌药物的不当使用。例如,农业中抗真菌药物的不当使用与耐唑类药物烟曲霉感染率上升有关。报告还呼吁促进世卫组织与四方组织和其他伙伴的合作努力,以便在“同一健康”框架下应对抗真菌药物使用对耐药性的影响。

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参考资料:https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/25-10-2022-who-releases-first-ever-list-of-health-threatening-fungi

Risk Ranking and Prioritization of Epidemic-Prone Diseases

Priority Setting for Epidemic-prone Diseases in Africa using a Risk Ranking and Analysis tool for Effective Emergency Preparedness and Response.

A. Background
The International Health Regulations (IHR-2005) identify mapping and using priority health risks and resources as one of the core capacities in Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response (PHEPR). Effective preparedness and swift response to epidemic is the goal of Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). In this regards, Africa CDC in collaboration with European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) set out to apply a methodology and tool to rank diseases and public health events requiring a rapid and efficient response under a multidisciplinary consultation forum.

B. The methodology considered the changing context of the African continent where emerging and re-emerging diseases give rise to outbreaks with greater impact on communities. Priority
setting must be placed in the broader context of public health emergency preparedness and response planning, through which risk assessment, decision-making, capacity building, resource allocation and response implementation, and evaluation represent some of the concrete and crucial stages of public health preparedness plans and of the related planning cycles. The identification and prioritization of risks will serve to define preparedness options and rationally allocate resources needed to reach emergency response objectives.

Purpose and objectives
1. The purpose of prioritization/risk ranking of epidemic-prone disease is to inform Africa CDC strategic planning and help effective resource allocation to manage prevention/mitigation
and response actions to health emergencies. This is a critical step for effective response to limit the spread of diseases, prevent/ minimize morbidity and mortality, social-and economic disruptions and, as well as early possible socio-economic recovery and returning to normal. Specifically, the objective for conducting risk ranking (RR) was to:
2. Rank infectious diseases of epidemic potential in order to identify the priority diseases for emergency preparedness and response.
• To use the results of the RR in the broader context of the following:
• Broder emergency preparedness planning, capacity building and resourcing;
• Targeted prepositioning of essential medical and non-medical countermeasures; i.e., medical supplies, diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines; and plan for logistics for emergency preparedness and response;
• Liaise and work with other respective Divisions in Africa CDC and partners on development of essential diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine lists needed for emergency response;

C. Contribute towards research, development and innovation prioritization, in new and advanced technology and public health actions for prevention, early detection and rapid response;
including pathogen-genomic surveillance expansion in Africa.

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Risk Ranking and Prioritization of Epidemic-Prone Diseases – ENGDOWNLOAD 

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Date

26 February 2023

Theme

Emergency Response and Preparedness

Region

Central AfricaEastern AfricaNorthern AfricaSouthern AfricaWestern Africa

资料来源:Risk Ranking and Prioritization of Epidemic-Prone Diseases – Africa CDC