世卫组织发布首份威胁健康的真菌清单

2022年10月25日 | 部门新闻

世卫组织今天发布了一份报告，着重介绍有史以来第一份“重点真菌病原体”清单，其中列有对公众健康构成最大威胁的19种真菌。世卫组织的重点真菌病原体清单是全球第一次努力结合未满足的研发需求和预计的公共卫生重要性，对真菌病原体进行有系统的排序。世卫组织这份清单旨在关注并推动进一步研究和政策干预措施，以加强全球在真菌感染和抗真菌药物耐药性方面的应对工作。

真菌病原体是对公众健康的重要威胁，这些病原体正变得越来越普遍，并且对目前仅有的四类抗真菌药物治疗日益产生耐药性，而研发中的临床候选药物却很少。对于大多数真菌病原体目前缺乏快速和灵敏的诊断方法，而现有方法在全球无法广泛获得或以可负担的价格提供。

侵袭性真菌感染通常会影响重病患者和具有严重免疫系统相关基础病症的患者。侵袭性真菌感染风险最高的人群包括癌症患者、艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者、接受器官移植者、慢性呼吸道疾病患者和原发后结核病感染者。

新出现的证据表明，由于全球变暖以及国际旅行和贸易的增加，世界各地真菌病的发病率和地理范围都在扩大。在COVID-19大流行期间，住院患者中报告的侵袭性真菌感染发病率显著增加。随着引起常见感染的真菌（如口腔念珠菌和阴道鹅口疮）对治疗的耐药性越来越强，普通人群发生更具侵袭性的感染的风险也日益增加。

世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性部门助理总干事Hanan Balkhy博士说：“真菌感染正在从隐蔽的细菌抗微生物药物耐药性大流行中变得越来越清晰，且在不断增长，对治疗的耐药性日益增强，成为全球关切的公共卫生问题。”

尽管日益令人担忧，但真菌感染很少获得重视和资源，致使缺乏关于真菌病分布和抗真菌药物耐药模式的高质量数据。因此尚不清楚真菌病和抗真菌药物耐药性的确切负担，应对行动也由此受到影响。

三个重点类别

世卫组织重点真菌病原体清单分为极度重要、高度重要和中等重要三类。每个重点类别中的真菌病原体主要根据其公共卫生影响和/或出现抗真菌药物耐药性的风险得到排序。世卫组织将这些重要病原体确认为全球关切的公共卫生问题，强调必须结合具体情况认真解读这一清单，因为某些地方性病原体在各自的区域或地方背景下可能更令人担忧。

紧急优先组（Critical group）

新隐球菌、耳念珠菌、烟曲霉、白色念珠菌

高度优先组（High group）

光滑念珠菌、组织浆菌属、足分支菌、毛霉菌、镰刀菌、热带念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌

中等优先组（Medium group）

赛多孢子菌、多育节荚孢霉、球孢子菌、克柔假丝酵母、格特隐球菌、马尔尼菲蓝状菌、耶氏肺孢子虫、副球孢子菌

需要提供更多证据和确定优先行动领域

该报告的作者强调，需要有更多的证据来为应对这一日益严重的威胁提供信息，并更好地了解疾病和抗真菌药物耐药性的负担。报告还强调迫切需要采取协调行动，在“同一健康”框架下应对抗真菌药物使用对耐药性的影响，并呼吁扩大公平获得优质诊断和治疗的机会。

世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性全球协调司司长Haileyesus Getahun博士说：“我们需要更多关于真菌感染和抗真菌药物耐药性的数据和证据，以便提供信息并改善对这些重点真菌病原体的应对措施。”

关于重点真菌病原体清单的报告强调了面向决策者、公共卫生专业人员和其他利益攸关方的策略。报告中所提策略的共同目标是产生证据并改善对这些重点真菌病原体的应对措施，包括预防抗真菌药物耐药性的发展。建议的主要行动侧重于：(1)加强实验室能力和监测；(2)维持对研究、开发和创新的投资；(3)加强公共卫生预防和控制干预措施。

Haileyesus Getahun博士补充说：“我们鼓励各国采取循序渐进的方法，首先要加强其真菌病方面的实验室和监测能力，并确保在全球范围公平提供现有的优质治疗和诊断方法。”

导致抗真菌药物耐药性的部分原因是在“同一健康”框架下对抗真菌药物的不当使用。例如，农业中抗真菌药物的不当使用与耐唑类药物烟曲霉感染率上升有关。报告还呼吁促进世卫组织与四方组织和其他伙伴的合作努力，以便在“同一健康”框架下应对抗真菌药物使用对耐药性的影响。

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参考资料：https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/25-10-2022-who-releases-first-ever-list-of-health-threatening-fungi

Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases at Mass Gatherings

Mass gatherings (MGs) are defined by the World Health Organization as concentrations of people at a specific location for a specific purpose, over a set period of time with the potential to strain local resources. MGs come in many different forms but can be grouped into three main categories: social events (concerts, festivals, etc.), sport events (FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games, etc.) and religious events (Kumbh Mela, Hajj, etc.). Because of increased global mobility, MGs have become both more frequent and more attended.

The Hajj is one of the biggest religious events hosted by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) every year. One of the obligatory pillars of Islam, Hajj is a pilgrimage to Makkah which is must for every physically fit, healthy Muslim to perform once in a lifetime if he/she can afford it. It is performed from the 8th to 12th of Dhul-Hujjah, the last month of Islamic calendar. Currently, over three million Muslims travel to Saudi Arabia every year to perform Hajj rituals from almost 184 countries. Over-crowded accommodations make an ideal environment for the exacerbation of communicable diseases, many of which are preventable if proper precautionary measures are taken. Pilgrims are at potential risk of acquiring communicable diseases via contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact and vector-borne and respiratory transmission of viruses. Surveillance at entry and exit points could quickly improve disease detection.

The Zymetas communicable diseases RT-PCR Assay is based on the real time PCR amplification techniques of detection and differentiation of the infectious diseases such as Influenza, Coronavirus, N. Meningitidis, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, and/or Yellow Fever virus etc., DNA/RNA in a one-step format. The assay is designed and developed for qualitative detection of infectious diseases specific DNA/RNA in specimens as an aid in the diagnosis of communicable diseases alongside all available clinical data, patient history, epidemiological data and other laboratory test outcomes. The assay is intended for use by professionals specifically trained in real time PCR amplification techniques and for research use only.

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Performances include

Accuracy: 100% (test with reference panels, and compare with a commercial RT-PCR kit)

Limit of Detection: 1000 copies/mL (test with LoD reference as positive≥ 95% of the time)

Cross-Reactivity: No cross-reactivity with other infectious diseases

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DENV RT-PCR Assay 2.1
ZIKV RT-PCR Assay 2.1
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DENV/ZIKV/YFV RT-PCR Assay 2.1

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Risk Ranking and Prioritization of Epidemic-Prone Diseases

Priority Setting for Epidemic-prone Diseases in Africa using a Risk Ranking and Analysis tool for Effective Emergency Preparedness and Response.

A. Background
The International Health Regulations (IHR-2005) identify mapping and using priority health risks and resources as one of the core capacities in Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response (PHEPR). Effective preparedness and swift response to epidemic is the goal of Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). In this regards, Africa CDC in collaboration with European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) set out to apply a methodology and tool to rank diseases and public health events requiring a rapid and efficient response under a multidisciplinary consultation forum.

B. The methodology considered the changing context of the African continent where emerging and re-emerging diseases give rise to outbreaks with greater impact on communities. Priority
setting must be placed in the broader context of public health emergency preparedness and response planning, through which risk assessment, decision-making, capacity building, resource allocation and response implementation, and evaluation represent some of the concrete and crucial stages of public health preparedness plans and of the related planning cycles. The identification and prioritization of risks will serve to define preparedness options and rationally allocate resources needed to reach emergency response objectives.

Purpose and objectives
1. The purpose of prioritization/risk ranking of epidemic-prone disease is to inform Africa CDC strategic planning and help effective resource allocation to manage prevention/mitigation
and response actions to health emergencies. This is a critical step for effective response to limit the spread of diseases, prevent/ minimize morbidity and mortality, social-and economic disruptions and, as well as early possible socio-economic recovery and returning to normal. Specifically, the objective for conducting risk ranking (RR) was to:
2. Rank infectious diseases of epidemic potential in order to identify the priority diseases for emergency preparedness and response.
• To use the results of the RR in the broader context of the following:
• Broder emergency preparedness planning, capacity building and resourcing;
• Targeted prepositioning of essential medical and non-medical countermeasures; i.e., medical supplies, diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines; and plan for logistics for emergency preparedness and response;
• Liaise and work with other respective Divisions in Africa CDC and partners on development of essential diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine lists needed for emergency response;

C. Contribute towards research, development and innovation prioritization, in new and advanced technology and public health actions for prevention, early detection and rapid response;
including pathogen-genomic surveillance expansion in Africa.

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Risk Ranking and Prioritization of Epidemic-Prone Diseases – ENGDOWNLOAD 

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Date

26 February 2023

Theme

Emergency Response and Preparedness

Region

Central Africa, Eastern Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa

资料来源：Risk Ranking and Prioritization of Epidemic-Prone Diseases – Africa CDC

World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2024

World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day is observed every year on 30 January

On World Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2024, WHO is calling on everybody, including leaders and communities, to unite and act to address the inequalities that drive neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and to make bold, sustainable investments to free the estimated 1.62 billion people, in the world’s most vulnerable communities, from a vicious cycle of disease and poverty. 

The purpose of World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day is to raise the profile of neglected tropical diseases, the suffering they cause and to garner support towards their control, elimination and eradication, in line with the programmatic targets set out in the NTD road map 2021−2030 and the commitments of the 2022 Kigali declaration on neglected tropical diseases.

On 31 May 2021, the Seventy-fourth World Health Assembly recognized 30 January as World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day through the unanimous approval of decision WHA74(18)  by WHO Member States. This Day is now one of the 11 Global Health Days and 2 Global Health Weeks recognized by WHO.

Brief summary
World NTD Day 2024

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Buruli ulcer
A debilitating mycobacterial skin infection causing severe destruction of the skin, bone and soft tissue.

Chagas Disease
A life-threatening protozoan illness transmitted to humans through contact with vector insects (triatomine bugs), ingestion of contaminated food, infected blood transfusions, congenital transmission, organ transplantation or laboratory accidents.

Dengue and chikungunya
Two mosquito-borne, outbreak-prone viral conditions causing a flu-like illness that can be associated with severe, painful and disabling symptoms and, in the case of dengue, may cause shock, haemorrhage and death.

Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
A helminth infection transmitted exclusively by drinking water contaminated with parasite-infected water fleas; one year later, adult female worms painfully ulcerate through the skin, often of the legs, in order to expel their larvae.

Echinococcosis
A disease caused by the larval stages of tapeworms forming pathogenic cysts in human organs, acquired by ingesting eggs most commonly shed in the faeces of dogs and wild animals.

Foodborne trematodiases
A group of infectious diseases acquired by consuming fish, crustaceans and vegetables contaminated with larval parasites; clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis and fascioliasis are the most common.

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
A protozoan infection spread by the bites of tsetse flies that is almost 100% fatal without prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent the parasites from invading the central nervous system.

Leishmaniases
A group of protozoan diseases transmitted through the bites of infected female sandflies; the most severe (visceral) form attacks the internal organs and in its most prevalent (cutaneous) form causes skin ulcers, disfiguring scars and disability.

Leprosy
A complex disease caused by infection with a slow-growing bacterium, mainly affecting the skin, peripheral nerves and eyes.

Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
A helminth infection transmitted by mosquitoes and resulting in adult worms inhabiting and reproducing in the lymphatic system; it is associated with recurrent painful inflammation and abnormal enlargement of limbs and genitals.

Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses
Chronic, progressively destructive inflammatory diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues which usually affect the lower limbs. People become infected when injuries break the skin and allow fungi (and bacteria in the case of mycetoma) to enter the body.

Noma
Severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face. Its pathogenesis is linked with non-specific bacteria and a range of modifiable risk factors and underlying social determinants. It mainly affects children aged 2−6 years old and is found most commonly among those living in poor communities.

Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
A helminth infection transmitted by the bite of infected blackflies causing severe itching and eye lesions as the adult worm produces larvae eventually leading to visual impairment and permanent blindness.

Rabies
A preventable viral disease transmitted to humans through the bites of infected animals, especially dogs, that is invariably fatal once symptoms develop.

Scabies and other ectoparasitoses
A group of infestations of the skin caused by mites, fleas or lice; scabies occurs when the human itch mite burrows into the upper layer of the skin where it lives and lays its eggs, causing intense itching and rash.

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
A group of trematode infections acquired when larval forms released by freshwater snails penetrate human skin during contact with infested water; schistosomiasis is typically associated with liver and urogenital pathology.

Snakebite envenoming
A potentially life-threatening condition caused by toxins injected through the bite of a venomous snake, often responsible for acute medical emergencies. Envenoming can also be caused by having venom sprayed into the eyes by certain species of snakes.

Soil-transmitted helminthiases
Helminth infections transmitted through soil contaminated by human faeces; they cause anaemia, vitamin A deficiency, stunted growth, malnutrition, intestinal obstruction and impaired development.

Taeniasis and cysticercosis
Taeniasis is caused by adult tapeworms in human intestines; cysticercosis results when humans ingest tapeworm eggs that develop as larvae in tissues, including the brain (neurocysticercosis).

Trachoma
A bacterial infection transmitted through direct contact with infectious eye or nasal discharge, and associated with unsafe living conditions and hygiene practices; if left untreated, it causes irreversible corneal opacities and blindness.

Yaws
A chronic, disfiguring bacterial disease affecting mainly the skin and bone. Other endemic treponematoses similar to yaws are also considered NTDs

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Reference

https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-ntd-day/2024/brief-outline

https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-ntd-day/2024#

U.S. – UK Strategic Dialogue on Biological Security

JANUARY 16, 2024

U.S. – UK Strategic Dialogue on Biological Security

The White House

Building on the June 10, 2021 New Atlantic Charter and the June 8, 2023 Atlantic Declaration on Economic Security, the U.S. National Security Council and the UK Cabinet Office announced a new Strategic Dialogue on Biological Security during a launch event today.  

Underpinned by the UK Biological Security Strategy and the U.S. National Biodefense Strategy, this Strategic Dialogue reflects a shared ambition to bolster future heath and economic resilience against a growing and diverse spectrum of biological threats.

The Strategic Dialogue reaffirms both nations’ commitment to increase collaboration in the following ways:

  • Develop a shared understanding of research and development (R&D) needs at the onset of new disease outbreaks, allowing for improved responsiveness by shaping global R&D efforts and supporting early technology assessments.
  • Adopt a One Health approach to biosurveillance and biological threat detection, in support of international efforts to develop stronger and more interconnected global surveillance capabilities.
  • Pursue the development of new tools and methodologies for microbial forensics and attribution.
  • Promote responsible innovation in the biotechnology, health, and life sciences sectors, shaping global norms and standards on biosafety and biosecurity while simultaneously protecting burgeoning bio-economies.
  • Facilitate the development of next-generation vaccines and therapeutics, in line with the 100-Days Mission vision supported by G7 leaders in Carbis Bay in 2021 and reaffirmed at the 2023 G7 Summit in Hiroshima.
  • Strengthen coordination of efforts to counter biological threats, including developing joint measures to address Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention compliance.

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U.S. – UK Strategic Dialogue on Biological Security | The White House

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

The National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases is committed to protecting people from domestic and global health threats, including

  • Foodborne illnesses like Salmonella and waterborne illnesses like infections with Naegleria fowleri (the “brain-eating” amoeba).
  • Infections that spread in hospitals and other healthcare settings.
  • Infections that are resistant to antibiotics.
  • Deadly diseases like Ebola and anthrax.
  • Illnesses that affect immigrants, migrants, refugees, and travelers.
  • Diseases caused by contact with animals, like rabies.
  • Diseases spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas, including yellow fever, Lyme disease, and dengue.
  • Diseases new to the United States, like Zika and mpox.

NCEZID’s scientists also do important work that leads to the development of more effective vaccines, therapeutic drugs, and tools to diagnose lesser-known diseases like Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus infections.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several flagship NCEZID programs—like the Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, the Laboratory Response Network, and the National Healthcare Safety Network—were essential to tracking COVID variants as they emerged across the country, monitoring the quality of healthcare and patient safety, and strengthening efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19. To learn more, read about NCEZID’s 2021 Accomplishments.

About Our Name

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that enter the body, multiply, and can cause an infection.

  • Some infectious diseases are contagious (or communicable), meaning they are capable of spreading from one person to another.
  • Other infectious diseases can be spread by germs carried in air, water, food, or soil. They can also be spread by vectors (like biting insects) or by animals to humans.

Emerging means infections that have increased recently or are threatening to increase in the near future. These infections could be

  • completely new (like Bourbon virus infection, or MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome).
  • completely new to an area (like chikungunya in Florida).
  • reappearing in an area (like dengue in south Florida and Texas).
  • caused by bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics, like MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), C. difficile, or drug-resistant TB.

Zoonotic means a disease that is spread between animals and people; some examples include:

  • Lyme disease (spread by ticks).
  • Salmonella (spread by poultry).
  • rabies (spread by mammals).

Last Reviewed: January 17, 2023
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)

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Referance: https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/who-we-are/index.html

NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens

NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens

Emerging infectious diseases can be defined as infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range, or that are caused by one of the NIAID Category A, B, or C priority pathogens.

The NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens category includes Biodefense Research and Additional Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens.

NIAID Biodefense Research

NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens

NIAID’s pathogen priority list is periodically reviewed and is subject to revision in conjunction with our federal partners, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, which determines threat assessments, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which is responsible for responding to emerging pathogen threats in the United States.

Note: Category A, B, and C pathogens, and emerging infectious diseases and pathogens listed on this page are not all select agents regulated by the U.S. Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP). For a list of select agents regulated by the U.S. FSAP, refer to the Select Agents and Toxins List.

Category A pathogens are those organisms/biological agents that pose the highest risk to national security and public health because they

  • Can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person
  • Result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact
  • Might cause public panic and social disruption
  • Require special action for public health preparedness

Category B pathogens are the second highest priority organisms/biological agents. They

  • Are moderately easy to disseminate
  • Result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates
  • Require specific enhancements for diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance

Category C pathogens are the third highest priority and include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of

  • Availability
  • Ease of production and dissemination
  • Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact

Category A Priority Pathogens

Category B Priority Pathogens

  • Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis)
  • Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
  • Brucella species (brucellosis)
  • Burkholderia mallei (glanders)
  • Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis)
  • Ricin toxin (Ricinus communis)
  • Epsilon toxin (Clostridium perfringens)
  • Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB)
  • Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
  • Food- and waterborne pathogens
    • Bacteria
    • Viruses
    • Protozoa
      • Cryptosporidium parvum
      • Cyclospora cayatanensis
      • Giardia lamblia
      • Entamoeba histolytica
      • Toxoplasma gondii
      • Naegleria fowleri (new in FY14)
      • Balamuthia mandrillaris (new in FY14)
    • Fungi
      • Microsporidia
  • Mosquito-borne viruses
    • West Nile virus (WNV)
    • LaCrosse encephalitis (LACV)
    • California encephalitis
    • Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
    • Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
    • Western equine encephalitis (WEE)
    • Japanese encephalitis virus (JE)
    • St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV)
    • Yellow fever virus (YFV)
    • Chikungunya virus
    • Zika virus

Category C Priority Pathogens

  • Nipah and Hendra viruses
  • Additional hantaviruses
  • Tickborne hemorrhagic fever viruses
    • Bunyaviruses
      • Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome virus (SFTSV), Heartland virus
    • Flaviviruses
      • Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever virus, Alkhurma virus, Kyasanur Forest virus
  • Tickborne encephalitis complex flaviviruses
    • Tickborne encephalitis viruses
    • European subtype
    • Far Eastern subtype
    • Siberian subtype
    • Powassan/Deer Tick virus
  • Tuberculosis, including drug-resistant TB
  • Influenza virus
  • Other Rickettsias
  • Rabies virus
  • Prions
  • Coccidioides spp.
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), MERS-CoV, and other highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (new in FY14)
  • Antimicrobial resistance, excluding research on sexually transmitted organisms, unless the resistance is newly emerging*
    • Research on mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
    • Studies of the emergence and/or spread of antimicrobial resistance genes within pathogen populations
    • Studies of the emergence and/or spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in human populations
    • Research on therapeutic approaches that target resistance mechanisms
    • Modification of existing antimicrobials to overcome emergent resistance
      *Excluded Research (Sexually Transmitted Organisms) – Bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia trachomatis, cytomegalovirus, Granuloma inguinale, Hemophilus ducreyi, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Antimicrobial research, as related to engineered threats and naturally occurring drug-resistant pathogens, focused on development of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

Immunological Studies

Immunology studies that advance our understanding of host defenses applicable to the biodefense effort, for example

  • Adjuvants
  • Innate Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Mucosal Immunity

Additional Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens

  • Acanthamebiasis
  • Anaplasmosis (new in FY14)
  • Australian bat lyssavirus
  • Babesia, atypical
  • Bartonella henselae
  • BK virus (new in FY14)
  • Bordetella pertussis (new in FY15)
  • Borrelia mayonii (new in FY18)
  • Borrelia miyamotoi (new in FY14)
  • Ehrlichiosis
  • Enterovirus 68 (new in FY15)
  • Enterovirus 71
  • Hepatitis C (new in FY14)
  • Hepatitis E (new in FY14)
  • Human herpesvirus 6
  • Human herpesvirus 8
  • JC virus (new in FY14)
  • Leptospirosis (new in FY14)
  • Mucormycosis (new in FY14)
  • Poliovirus (new in FY15)
  • Rubeola (measles) (new in FY14)
  • Streptococcus, Group A

Notes:
* This list was created for the purpose of extramural and intramural program management within the NIAID biodefense/EID mission and does not represent the complete scope of biodefense and emerging infectious disease.
** HIV/AIDS is excluded.

Content last reviewed on July 26, 2018

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Reference: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/emerging-infectious-diseases-pathogens

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Zymetas is a medical technologies company that designs and develops in vitro diagnostic tests for the PCR based detection and differentiation of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria or parasites.